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Thursday, Nov 26, 2009
By 1975, Lehman, with the help of fellow researcher Laszlo Belady, was well on the way to formulating his own set of laws. A quarter century after their creation, the laws read like a mixture of old developer wisdom and common textbook physics. Take, for example, Lehman's "Second Law" of software evolution, a software reworking of the Second Law of Thermodynamics.
"The entropy of a system increases with time unless specific work is executed to maintain or reduce it."
Such statements put Lehman, who would leave IBM to take a professorship at Imperial College, into uncharted waters as a computer scientist. Halfway between the formalists, old-line academics who saw all programs as mathematical proofs in disguise, and the realists, professional programmers who saw software as a form of intellectual duct tape, Lehman would spend the '70s and '80s arguing for a hybrid point of view: Software development can be predictable if researchers were willing to approach it at a systems level.
"As I like to say, software evolution is the fruit fly of artificial systems evolution," Lehman says. "The things we learn here we can reapply to other studies: weapon systems evolution, growth of cities, that sort of thing."
That Lehman conspicuously leaves out biological systems is just one reason why his profile has slipped over the last decade. At a time when lay authors and fellow researchers feel comfortable invoking the name of Charles Darwin when discussing software technology, Lehman holds back. "The gap between biological evolution and artificial systems evolution is just too enormous to expect to link the two," he says.
Nevertheless, Lehman aspires to the same level of intellectual impact. While he was in retirement during the early 1990s, his early ideas jelled into one big idea: What if somebody were to formulate a central theory of software evolution akin to Darwin's theory of natural selection? In 1993, Lehman took an emeritus position at Imperial College and began work on the FEAST Hypothesis. Short for Feedback, Evolution and Software Technology, FEAST fine-tunes the definition of evolvable software programs, differentiating between "S-type" and "E-type": S-type or specification-based programs and algorithms being built to handle an immutable task, and "E-type" programs being built to handle evolving tasks. Focusing his theory on the larger realm of E-type programs, Lehman has since expanded his original three software laws to eight.
Included within the new set of laws are the Law of Continuing Growth ("The functional capability of E-type systems must be continually increased to maintain user satisfaction over the system lifetime") and the Law of Declining Quality ("The quality of E-type systems will appear to be declining unless they are rigorously adapted, as required, to take into account changes in the operational environment"). For added measure, Lehman has also thrown in the Principle of Software Uncertainty, which states, "The real world outcome of any E-type software execution is inherently uncertain with the precise area of uncertainty also unknowable."
While the new statements still read like glossed-over truisms, Lehman says the goal is to get the universal ideas on paper in the hopes that they might lead researchers to a deeper truth. After all, saying "objects fall down instead of up" was a truism until Sir Isaac Newton explained why.
"Whenever I talk, people start off with blank faces," Lehman admits. "They say, 'But you haven't told us anything we didn't already know.' To that I say, there's nothing to be ashamed of in coming up with the obvious, especially when nobody else is coming up with it."
For extra ammo, Lehman also has expanded the graphs and data from his original studies in the 1970s. Taken together, they show most large software programs growing at an inverse square rate -- think of your typical Moore's Law growth curve rotated 180 degrees -- before succumbing to over-complexity.
