Monday, May 12, 2008
We've made progress in the way we elect our representatives, but we need to lose the winner-take-all system.
Jun 13, 2005 | Politics involves the art of achieving the possible. Rarely do you get what you want, so you take what you can get. But when it comes to electoral reform, reformers run the risk of overpromising in trying to gain attention for their particular issue -- and can end up underdelivering, increasing voters' cynicism.
Two of the most talked-about electoral reforms in the past decade have been the public financing of election campaigns and the use of independent commissions to redraw legislative district lines. While reformers have had limited success passing those two reforms -- to date, only a handful of states use either public financing or independent commissions, and even fewer use both -- when enacted, the reforms have been accompanied by great fanfare and hope.
Yet the impact of the two reforms has been disappointing, and it may be time to extend our efforts at reform to the primary culprit in our broken democracy: our winner-take-all elections.
Arizona, for example, has led the nation in electoral reforms, but so far has had limited results. The Grand Canyon State passed voter initiatives in 1998 and 2000 that enacted both full public financing for state elections and an independent redistricting commission. Yet recently when I gave a speech at the annual convention of the Arizona League of Women Voters, which had spearheaded the state's reform efforts, I was surprised to hear the frustration voiced by many league members and other Arizona reformers. The post-reform electoral results have neither fulfilled their expectations nor matched the campaign hype that sold the reforms to voters.
Indeed, Arizona now has some of the least competitive races in the nation, which is not what one would expect from a state with both a redistricting commission and public financing. All eight congressional incumbents won reelection last year by landslide margins, an average of 34 percent. In the state Senate, none of the 30 seats were competitive, and more than half of the seats were uncontested by one of the two major parties. In the state House, half the races were uncontested by a major party and only five of 60 races were competitive. And 97 percent of the incumbents won reelection, whether they had publicly financed or privately financed races.
To be sure, there have been positive developments in Arizona too, such as an increase in the number of candidates running in primaries and for statewide executive offices, fostering more political debate. And 10 of 11 of state officeholders accepted public financing, including Democratic Gov. Janet Napolitano. On the other hand, the Legislature has turned increasingly right-wing, and there has been no noticeable impact on legislative policy.
So, after all their hard work, it's not surprising that Arizona reformers expressed frustration. And Arizona is not alone in seeing disappointing results.
Iowa has been held up as the poster child for the effectiveness of redistricting commissions, yet in 2004 all congressional incumbents easily won reelection, and the average margin of victory was a landslide of 18 percent. In the state Legislature, 61 percent of seats in the House were won by landslide margins, 85 percent by noncompetitive margins of 10 points or more. Only four seats out of 100 were won by less than a five-point margin, and the average margin of victory was a whopping 47 percent.
In Washington state, whose bipartisan redistricting commission produced some of the most competitive races of the 1990s, only one of nine congressional races was close in 2004; the average margin of victory was 28 percent. In the state Legislature, huge numbers of races went uncontested. Republicans dominate almost every legislative district east of the Cascade Mountains and Democrats win almost every district in King County, the most populous, with Seattle as its seat. Other states with a redistricting commission have had similarly disappointing results.
Maine does not use an independent redistricting commission, but it does have public financing for state elections. Results have been somewhat better than in other states but are nothing to crow about.
On the positive side, the number of contested primaries rose to 39 in 2004, up from 25 in 2000, fostering more political debate. And in the November election only two races were uncontested by a major party in the state Senate, and seven in the House. But Maine remains dogged by noncompetitive elections: In 2004 the average victory margin for 35 state Senate races and 151 state House races was a landslide of 20 points. Only four races in the Senate were highly competitive (won by less than five points), while 31 in the House were, but 62 House races were won by landslide margins.
With such disappointing results in state after state, the temptation might arise to abandon these reforms as ineffective. That would be a mistake. It's not that they aren't good reforms; it's just that they're more limited in their impact than most people realize -- or than reformers, caught up in their zeal, are willing to admit.
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